Can a man develop a decent back musculature without deadlifts?
Of course. There are no irreplaceable exercises. Even deadlifts do not make an exception.
How to Build a Big Back Without Deadlifts
1.Do lots of rows
One of the best exercises for the back is the row, which comes in many forms (e.g., barbell rows, T-bar rows, one-arm dumbbell rows, wide grip rows…etc.).
2.Do lots of pull-ups
The pull-up will build your lats like nothing else. There are many different variations to choose from depending on your skill level.
The nice thing about pull-ups is that they can be done at home. This can save time, energy and money.
For instance, if you train your back two days a week, you could make one of the days a pull-up only day and do an enormous amount of pull-ups at home. It will hurt.
3.Do weighted hyperextensions
The purpose of this movement is to hit the lower spinal erectors. Enjoy the pump, if you can!
4.Do front squats

image credit: http://ditillo2.blogspot.com/
It may surprise some of you, but the front squat is also a back builder because you have to keep your torso upright while holding a heavy barbell on your shoulders.
The exercise develops strong spinal erectors, especially in the mid-back area.
5.Do heavy shrugs
The barbell shrug will build your traps, especially the upper portion, which is hard to target with regular barbell rows.
If you want to learn more about trap training, read this article dedicated to the subject.
Happy deadlift-less back building!